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PW1—Lead White

Pigment Type

n/a

Chemical Name

basic lead(II)-carbonate

Chemical Formula

2PbCO₃Pb(OH)₂ or 4PbCO₃2Pb(OH)₂PbO

Properties

Lead White is a fast drying, heavy consistency, flexible, opaque white with a very subtle reddish-yellow undertone and excellent covering capacity. Most artists stopped using this pigment over the last century because of its toxicity, but its working properties are positive enough to keep some artists using it. It is the most structurally sound white for underpainting. Lead White is quick drying, and it will help accelerate the drying time of any color it is mixed with.

Permanence

Lead White has excellent permanence and lightfastness. However, it may become discolored over long periods of time.

Toxicity

Lead White is highly toxic by both inhalation and ingestion

History

Lead White has historically been the most important of all white pigments. The use of this pigment dates back to the days of the ancient Greeks and Egyptians. It was the only white used in European easel painting until the 19^th century, and it is one of the oldest synthetically produced pigments. It has been mostly replaced by Titanium White and Zinc White, depending on the opacity the artist desires.

Alternate Names

Biacca, Ceruse, Cremnitz White, Dutch White, Flake White, Flemish White, French White, Krems White, London White, Nottingham White, Roman White, Silver White, Slate White, White Lead.