Color Swatch created using heavy to light application and was applied on 100 lb (163 gsm) drawing paper material.
This color contains the following pigments:
PR101—Red Iron Oxide
Pigment Type
earth, synthetic
Chemical Name
iron oxides (synthetic), iron oxide, silica, alumina, lime, and magnesia or hydrated iron oxide
Chemical Formula
Fe2O2 or Fe2O3 • H2O
Properties
Red iron oxide varies in hue and transparency, depending on hydration and slight impurities. Indian Red is a slightly duller, deep brick hue with a bluish undertone. It is very dense and opaque, with excellent tinting strength and covering power. It is dependable when mixing with all other permanent pigments and yields good flesh tints when mixed with Zinc White. It is the synthetic version of PR102, which is a pigment made from earth reds, or natural red iron oxides, and the names applied to PR101 and PR102 often overlap. The synthetic red iron oxides have mostly replaced natural red iron oxides and are brighter, stronger, finer, and more permanent. Indian Red is the highest grade bluish shade. Light Red, English Red, and Venetian Red are yellowish shades. Mars Violet is a dull and subdued bluish or purplish oxide.
Permanence
Red iron oxide is very lightfast with excellent permanence.
Toxicity
Red iron oxide has no significant hazards.
History
Natural red iron oxide comes from the mineral ore hematite, called bloodstone by the ancient Greeks from the word hema, meaning blood. It is one of the oldest pigments, has been used by every major civilization, and was an important mineral for medieval alchemists. It was not widely used in artists' materials until the 17th century and was not produced in large quantities until the 18th century.
Alternate Names
Indian Red, Colcothar, English Red, Light Red, Mars Red, Mars Violet, Morelle Salt, Pompeian Red, Indian Red, Red Oxide, Sinopia, Spanish Red, Terra Rosa, Tuscan Red, Venetian Red, Venice Red.
PR102—Natural Light Red Iron Oxide
Pigment Type
inorganic, natural
Chemical Name
iron oxide
Chemical Formula
Fe2O2
Properties
Natural Light Red Iron Oxide is a brick red pigment with a bright, scarlet top tone. Mineral sources vary considerably in both hue and transparency. It is generally opaque and has great tinting strength and hiding power, but more transparent versions are available. It creates salmon pinks when mixed with white. Natural Light Red Iron Oxide is often replaced by Mars colors or bright red oxides, which are cleaner and more powerful.
Permanence
Natural Light Red Iron Oxide has excellent permanence and lightfastness.
Toxicity
Natural Light Red Iron Oxide has no significant hazards.
History
Natural red iron oxide comes from the mineral ore hematite, called bloodstone by the ancient Greeks from the word hema, meaning blood. It is one of the oldest pigments, has been used by every major civilization, and was an important mineral for medieval alchemists. It was not widely used in artists' materials until the 17th century and was not produced in large quantities until the 18th century.
Alternate Names
Antwerp Red, Bole, Light Red, Colcothar, English Red, Morelle Salt, Persian Red, Persian Gulf Oxide, Poliment, Pompeian Red, Prussian Brown, Prussian Red, Red Iron Oxide, Sinopia, Spanish Red, Turkey Red.
PBr6—Mars Brown
Pigment Type
n/a
Chemical Name
iron oxide
Chemical Formula
Fe2O3
Properties
Mars Brown has similar general properties to the pure red oxides, and it is often a mix of synthetic forms of oxides such as PY42, PR101, and PBk11. Its tinting strength is low, and it dries quickly. Hues vary based on manufacturer.
Permanence
Mars Brown has excellent permanence and lightfastness, with outstanding resistance to chemicals, heat, and weather.
Toxicity
Mars Brown is not considered toxic, although care should be taken not to breathe its dust.
History
Unknown.
Alternate Names
Brown Iron Oxide.
PBr7—Burnt Sienna
Pigment Type
earth
Chemical Name
iron oxides
Chemical Formula
Fe2O3
Properties
Burnt Sienna is a warm, mid-brown color formed by burning the yellow-brown limonite clay called Raw Sienna. It ranges from semi-opaque to semi-transparent due to the combination of its opaque, red-brown mass tone and its transparent, orangey undertone. It is an excellent mixing complement for blues and greens and creates salmon or peach colored tints when mixed with white. It can be useful for subduing bright colors and does not get chalky in dark mixtures.
Permanence
Burnt Sienna has good permanence and is considered one of the most versatile of the permanent pigments.
Toxicity
Burnt Sienna has no significant hazards.
History
Burnt Sienna has been used as a pigment since prehistoric times, but its current name came about during the Renaissance. It comes from the city of Siena, in Italy, and is short for terra di Siena, meaning earth of Siena. Sienna was famous for the mining and production of earth pigments from the Renaissance until World War II. Due to the depletion of clay deposits in Tuscany, Italian siennas now come from other areas, including Sicily and Sardinia.
Alternate Names
Caput Mortuum, Italian Earth, Natural Brown Iron Oxide, Sienna, Spanish Red, Vandyke Brown.
PBk10—Blacklead
Pigment Type
inorganic
Chemical Name
graphite
Chemical Formula
C
Properties
Grayish black with metallic luster.
Permanence
Graphite is lightfast.
Toxicity
Graphite is not toxic.
History
Graphite is a crystaline form of pure carbon that occurs naturally, and has been used to create pencils. It contains no lead. The most famous deposit is near Borrowdale, in England.
Alternate Names
Graphitan 7525
