Color Swatch created using heavy application/medium application/50% tint and was applied on acrylic primed canvas (7 oz) material.
This color contains the following pigments:
PY216—Rutile Tin Zinc
Pigment Type
inorganic
Chemical Name
n/a
Chemical Formula
n/a
Properties
This orangish yellow has been used in plastics and coatings.
Permanence
n/a
Toxicity
n/a
History
Manufactured by Rockwood Pigments of the United Kingdom, its exact chemical formula has not been disclosed. It contains. titanium, tin, zinc, and antimony oxide.
Alternate Names
n/a
PB28—Cobalt Blue
Pigment Type
inorganic
Chemical Name
cobalt(II) oxide + aluminum oxide
Chemical Formula
CoO + Al2O3
Properties
Cobalt blue is a semitransparent pigment with low to moderate tinting strength. When it dries, it appears lighter and less saturated. Pigment particles are large and grainy. Differences in how the pigment is ground and mixed lead to considerable differences in its performance among various manufacturers.
Permanence
Cobalt blue is absolutely lightfast and extraordinarily stable. The stability of cobalt salts at high temperatures make them the standard for blues used in ceramics and glassware.
Toxicity
Cobalt salts are toxic. Avoid respiratory and skin contact. Soluble cobalt may cause irritation and allergic reaction through contact with skin. It is considered a possible carcinogen.
History
Since ancient times, smalt blue has been used to color glass and ceramics. Cobalt salts, which give smalt its characteristic blue color, were identified in the 18th century. Techniques for manufacturing Cobalt Blue, a chemically pure salt of cobalt and aluminum oxide, were developed in 1802.
Alternate Names
Smalt Blue
PG19—Cobalt Green
Pigment Type
n/a
Chemical Name
cobalt(II)-oxide-zinc(II)-oxide
Chemical Formula
CoO • ZnO
Properties
Cobalt Green is a pure, fairly opaque, moderately bright bluish-green with a low tinting strength and limited hiding power. It makes valuable grays and muted, minimalistic greens when mixed with other pigments. However, it can brown at full strength and fade when mixed with lead based whites. It is quick drying in oil form and is not widely used because its hue can easily be matched by mixing green and blue pigments with superior painting properties. It is currently not in wide use.
Permanence
Cobalt Green is completely lightfast. Its permanence is excellent, so it can be used in all painting techniques.
Toxicity
Cobalt Green is moderately toxic if inhaled or ingested. It is slightly toxic if it comes into contact with skin.
History
Cobalt comes from the Middle High German word kobolt, an underground goblin, because miners thought cobalt harmed silver ores. In 1780, the Swedish chemist Sven Rinmann developed a process for making a compound of cobalt and zinc (zinc oxide). It was introduced as a pigment in 1835, but poor tinting strength and high cost kept it in limited use throughout the next centuries. It gained some popularity among 19th century landscape painters.
Alternate Names
Green Smalt, Rinmann’s Green, Swedish Green, Zinc Green. Gellert Green is a similar variety, though it is made using a slightly different process.
PG18—Viridian
Pigment Type
inorganic
Chemical Name
chromium(III)-oxide dehydrate
Chemical Formula
Cr2O3 • 2 H2O or Cr2(OH3)
Properties
Viridian is the standard green and is stable, powerful, and cold with an emerald green undertone. It has a transparent hue, good tinting strength, a dark masstone that can be almost black at full strength, and a slow drying time in oil form. Viridian is commonly replaced by the darker, more saturated, and staining Phthalo Greens, but its properties make it a necessary part of the palette of an experienced landscape painter.
Permanence
Viridian has excellent permanence, except in high-temperature work, and is highly valued as a glazing color.
Toxicity
Viridian is slightly toxic.
History
Viridian’s name comes from the Latin viridis, meaning green. The process for manufacturing Viridian, or Transparent Oxide of Chromium, was patented by Guignet in Paris in 1859. However, it had actually been discovered by Pannetier and Binet in 1838. Viridian replaced Verdigris, which was reactive and unstable, and Emerald Green, which was a poisonous copper aceto-arsenite used as a rat poison in the sewers of Paris.
Alternate Names
Emerald Chromium Oxide, Emeraude Green, French Veronese Green, Guignet’s Green, Pannetier's Green, Permanent Green, Smaragd Green, Transparent Oxide of Chromium, Vert Emeraude. Casali's Green and Mittler's Green are varieties of Viridian. Viridian has historically been sold under the name Emerald Green, but they are currently considered to be and are marketed as two different pigments.
PY53—Nickel Titanium Yellow
Pigment Type
inorganic
Chemical Name
mixed metal oxide
Chemical Formula
(Ti,Ni,Sb)O2
Properties
Nickel Titanium Yellow is one of the cleanest and brightest of the inorganic pigments. It has a low tinting strength and average to slow drying time.
Permanence
Nickel Titanium Yellow has excellent lightfastness and outstanding stability with regard to chemicals, weather, and heat. It is durable in exterior conditions.
Toxicity
Nickel Titanium Yellow is not considered toxic.
History
Nickel Titanium Yellow was developed in the 1960s.
Alternate Names
Nickel Titanate Yellow, Nickel Yellow.
