Color Swatch created using Heavy application/medium application/50% tint and was applied on Acrylic Primed Canvas (7 oz) material.
This color contains the following pigments:
PW4—Zinc White
Pigment Type
inorganic
Chemical Name
zinc(II)-oxide
Chemical Formula
ZnO
Properties
Zinc White is the coolest white, and it has a cold, clean masstone and a slightly bluish tint. It has less hiding power and is more transparent than other whites. It dries slowly and is good for painting wet into wet and for glazing and scumbling. Zinc White is neither as opaque nor as heavy as Lead White, its covering power is not as good, and it takes much longer to dry. However, it does not blacken when exposed to sulfur in the air as Lead White does. It is very valuable for making tints with other colors. Unmixed Zinc White dries to a brittle and dry paint film that may crack over the years, so it is not good for frescoing. It is more transparent in acrylic form than Titanium White and is the most commonly used white with gouache. Chinese White is a version of Zinc White appropriate for opaque watercolor techniques.
Permanence
Zinc White has great permanence and lightfastness.
Toxicity
Zinc White is moderately toxic if ingested and slightly toxic if inhaled.
History
Though historians are divided on who first isolated the element zinc, they agree that it was first suggested as a white pigment in 1782. Zinc White was accepted as a watercolor in 1834 and was called Chinese White due to the popularity of oriental porcelain in Europe at the time. Ten years later, a suitable oil form was produced. By the early 20th century, it had improved to the point where it was an acceptable alternative to Flake White.
Alternate Names
Chinese White, French White, Permanent White, Silver White, Snow White, Zinc Oxide.
PY139—Isoindolinone Yellow
Pigment Type
organic, azomethine
Chemical Name
n/a
Chemical Formula
C16H19N5O6
Properties
Isoindolinone Yellow is a new-generation organic pigment that has a very high tinting strength and average drying time.
Permanence
Isoindolinone Yellow has excellent lightfastness.
Toxicity
Isoindolinone Yellow is not considered toxic.
History
The first isoindolinone pigments were patented in 1946, and commercial production of pigments in this group began in the 1960s. Several isoindolinone yellow pigments are available.
Alternate Names
Isoindoline.
PY97—Permanent Yellow
Pigment Type
organic, monoazo
Chemical Name
n/a
Chemical Formula
C26H27ClN4O8
Properties
Permanent Yellow PY97 ranges from reddish yellow to greenish yellow with temperature shifts from cool to warm hues. It has good tinting strength and average to slow drying time. Similar in shade to Hansa Yellow 1, it offers much better fastness properties and good heat stability.
Permanence
Pigment PY97 has excellent lightfastness, particularly in the darker shades.
Toxicity
No significant acute hazards of PY97 are known, though chronic hazards have not been well studied.
History
Hansa Yellows were first made in Germany just before WW1 from a series of synthetic dyestuffs called Pigment Yellow. They were intended to be a synthetic replacement for Cadmium Yellow. Permanent Yellow (PY97) represents a further development of this line, with the aim of producing a yellow pigment that is suitable for exterior use.
Alternate Names
Arylide, Arylide Yellow, Azo, Brilliant Yellow, Monoazo, Monolite Yellow, Hansa Yellow.
